rise of the emporers

• After Ceaser's death, his great-nephew/ adopted son takes control at 18
• forms his own triumvirate 
• Mark Antony, powerful general
• Lepidus, powerful politician 
• second triumvirate 
• Octavian forces weak Lepidus to step down
• He and Antony become rivals 
• Antony partners with Cleopatra of Egypt - Militarily, personally, politically, and economically 
• Octavian beats them at the battle of Actium 
• Octavian now the unchallenged ruler of Rome  
• Given title Agustus meaning chosen one 
• also given title Imperator or Supreme Military Commander
• this is where the word Emporer comes from 
• Rome is now an Empire, not a republic
• Octavian ruled as Emporer for 40 years
• began the period of peace and prosperity called pax Romana 
• 207 years long from 27bc-180 ad 
• he expanded Rome further into Africa 
• set up civil services to help the gov 
• built roads
• collected taxes
• established a postal service 
• administered grain supply 
• building public facilities such as aqueducts and other buildings
• police department 
• fire fighting organization 
• Died of natural causes
• Tiberius 
• AD14-AD37
• excellent general, but reluctant Emporer
• after the death of his son, he exiled himself and left prefects in charge
• died at 77
• Caligula
• AD 37 - AD 41
• won a power struggle after Tiberius' death 
•   known for extravagance, cruelty, and perversity  
• killed by praetorian guards and members of the court and senate looking to reform Rome
• Claudius 
• AD 41 - AD 54
• suffered from limp, studdering, slobbering, and shaking, possibly from cerebral palsy 
• ruled well, performed public works 
• started conquest to Brittain 
• poisoned by his last wife so her son Nero could rise to power
• Nero
• 54-68
• emphasized arts 
• huge fire in 64 wanted to rebuild Rome
• hugely overspent raided temples for money

Julius Ceaser's fall

I will be taking my test on ancient Rome on June 2 from 1:25-2:15

Plebs have a history of revolting

• How to keep the plebs from revolting 
• the Juvenal  poet said that all Rome desires are bread and circuses 
• give them bread, free grain from the state, and entertainment to keep them distracted and peaceful 
• Tiberius Gracchus noticed the benefits in helping the plebs 
• Military generals also used this ideal when the gave the soldiers some of the lands that they conquered
•  made soldiers loyal to their leaders, not necessarily to the republic 
• Julius Ceaser (100-44BC)
• Very powerful and successful general 
• COnquered large amounts of territory including Gual 
• made the common folks happy 
• He also had many friends in high places 
• include Pompey 
• Crassus
• these three men formed the triumvirate  
• Ceaser crossed the rubicon, the point of no return into Gual 
• Frist Ceaser served as a consul for one year
• he then appoints himself as the governor of Gual 
• Ceaser's army clashed with Pompey in Greece Asia, Spain, and Egypt 
•  In 44 bc he is named dictator for 6 mo then life 
• Ceaser made many reforms
• made people in provinces citizens 
• expanded senate 
• c\made jobs for the poor, mostly through public works
• increased pay for soldiers 
• started colonies where those who didn't own land could own property 
• Ceaser was assassinated on March 15 44 BC 
• assassinated because people saw Ceaser's rise in power as a huge threat to political viability 
• they lured him into the senate and stabbed him 23 times 
• even by his friend brutus 
• Octavian named Ceasers sole heir 
• ends republic

Essay Planning

Opening 

• US and roman governments very similar
• US gov based off of the roman government  
• both republics 
• both have three branches
• Judicial 
• Executive 
• Legislative 
• Both even ha legal code
• THESIS: While the US government was based on the Roman government, they are both very similar to each other, but with there similarities there are several differences due to their differences in time when they were created, and the people that the governed.

1st paragraph 

• One of the branches that they both shared was the executive branch 
• in both govs, this was a person or small group of people that helped to make the laws and controll military
• even though this branch exists in both goverenments there were several differences
• for the roman s there are two people in this branch, and serve 1 year term
• in US made of 1 person with their VP 4-year term 
• Both groups can veto proposed laws, and they are both in charge of the military.
• This branch is on of the most similar between the two governments

2nd Paragraph 

• Both governments also shared a legislative branch made up of many people who helped to make laws
• each made up of two houses, but these houses were both different 
• in Rome, there was the 300 strong senate and the assembly made up of 193 people from each tribe
• in the US there is the senate which has 100 members
• house has 435 members
• both similar, but several small differences

3rd paragraph

• the third and most different branch is the judicial branch 
• in rome there were praetors chosen by assembly served one year
• in US Supreme justices nominated by pres, serve lifetime 

Closing

• although the US gov was based off of roman it is sim, but still has many differences
• similar in many ways, but different because they were founded by different times and people, similar because they were both made when the people escaped an oppressive gov and leader

essay question

For my essay, I will compare the similarities and differences between the Ancient Roman Republic and Our current republic.  I think that this will be one of the easiest options on the list because we received so much inf4romation on this topic.  Furthermore, I believe that it will be easier to format than the other options because there are three branches that I can format the essay into, comparing each branch from the two governments on each side.  I believe this will be a fairly easy essay to write and format. 

The Empire

• Newfound wealth and expanding boundaries are bringing issues to Rome
• Discontent in lower classes
• military disorder 
• Economic Turmoil
• As Rome grew the gap between rich and poor grew
• The wealthy owned huge estates and many enslaved people
• Many POWs from past wars
• Smaller farmers, Ex-soldiers, found it hard to compete with the huge expansive farms
• sold their farms, becoming homeless
• Became regional farm workers or went to cities to try to find work 
• became part of the Urban Poor, 1/4 of Rome's population 
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to help Rome's Poor
• As tribunes, they tried to limit the size of estates and  give land to the poor 
• Because of their ideas, they both met gruesome ends as they made enemies of many senators 
• A civil war ensued after their deaths
• Military Upheaval 
• Once loyal military began to break down 
• Generals began seizing power for themselves
• offered the poor land and the poor owed all allegiance to their commanders 
• It became possible for a military leader who was backed up by his forces to seize power by force
• Julius Ceasar's Take Over
• Ceaser joined forces with Pompey and Crassus to creat a triumvirate and rule Rome 
• Ceaser Was a genius military leader
• served one year as consul and named himself governor of Gaul during 58-50 bc Ceaser led his tromps on a trip to conquer all of Gaul
• Successes in Gual made him very popular 
• Pompey began to fear Ceaser's Ambitions
• Ceaser defied the senate's order making his armies march on Rome, Popey fled leaving Ceaser to take control 
• Ceaser's Reforms
• Ruled as an absolute ruler who held all power
• Made some reforms 
• Granted citizenship to people in Roman provinces 
• expanded the senate
• He helped the poor by creating jobs
• Many nobles began to grow weary of Ceaser and on March 15, 44bc he was stabbed to death 
• Beginning Of The Empire 
• After Ceasar's death, civil war broke out again in Rome 
• destroyed what was left of the republic 
• Ceasars 18 yo Grand Nephew, Mark Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus joined forces to take the Assasins out of power 
• Ruled for 10 years as the second triumvirate
• Ended in Jealousy and violence
• Octavious forced Lepidus to retire and he and Antony became enemies
•  While leading troops in Anatolia Antony met Cleopatra and fell in love with her
• he followed her to Egypt 
• Octavian said that Antony would lead from Egypt and another civil war broke out
• Octavian defeated forces of Cleopatra and Antony  
• Cleopatra and Antony committed suicide
• Octavian restored some ideals of the republic but became the absolute ruler of Rome
• eventually accepted the title of Agustus  
• Vast and powerful Empire 
• Rome was at its peak from 27 bc to 180 ad a period of peace called pax Romana occurred
• Controlled 3 million square miles of land 
• Sound Gov
• Held their empire in part from their efficient govRulers helped
• Agustus was Rome's most able leader 
• Stabilized the frontier, Glorified Rome with the huge buildings
• created a system of government that existed for centuries
• After Agustus died in 14 Ad his system of gov maintained the empire
• Agriculture and Trade 
• Ag was the biggest roman  industry 
• Almost 90% of people in Rome were involver in ag 
• Luxury items were shipped in through trade 
• The Roman World
• Slaves and captivity 
• widespread in essential to the economy 
• most slaves were conquered people 
• worked in city and on farm
• Gods and Goddesses 
• at first worshipped powerful spirits or forces
• gov and religion closely involved
• Society and culture 
• many lived extravagantly 
• but many more barely had necessities 
• many games such as gladiators and races to entertain people

Punic wars

• The Roman legion consisted of 5000 soldiers of highly trained elite infantrymen selected from Roman citizens
•  within the legion, there were centuries of 80
• the mounted part of the army was the calvary 
• the soldiers carried a dagger shield and armor and wore a tunic 
• Punic wars were wars between Rome and Carthage 264-146 BC
• three total wars 
• first punic war (261-241)
• Naval battles for the strategic point of Sicily
• Won by Rome
•  Second punic war (218-201 BCE
• 29 yo general Hannibal almost takes Rome 
• Attacks Rome from the north, Spain, crossed the alps 
• Lies siege to the peninsula for close to 15 years, but never gets all of the way to Rome 
• Third and final punic war (149-146)
• Rome wanted to wipe Carthage off of the face of the earth 
• Roman generals Scipio, Tiberius Gracchus, and others mercilessly attacked the city 
• Carthage burned for 17 days 
• When the war ended 50,000 of the last people were sold into slavery 
• Carthage's territories were annexed making the Roman province of Africa
• Slaves poured into Italy 50k Carthage slaves, 150K Greek Pow 
• By the end of the 2nd century, there were more than 1000000 slaves in Rome 
• Small farmers lost their land to aristocrats if couldn't pay debts because of fighting a war
• massive farms became expansive estates called latifundia
•  

Tarquin and government

• Tarquin seized power in the old definition of the word
• Tarquin's Grandfather dies leaving his grandmother to put Servius Tullius into  power because she liked him more than her sons
• ST's daughters marry two brothers, one is Tarquin
• The one daughter killed her sister and her husband leaving Tarquin in line for the throne 
• Tullia persuades Tarquin to seize power from her father
• Tarquin sits on the throne, proclaiming himself king
• he then throws Tullius down the steps of the capital and has him assassinated
• Tullia sees her father's corpse on her way home and then takes the reins on the chariot and runs over his body  
• Tarquin refuses to bury him and assassinates senators who oppose him 
• Tarquin's son Sextus tries to force himself on a matron while out drinking with some friends  
• she refuses which causes him to threaten to kill her
• she gives in to the blackmail
• admits this to her family 
• then kills herself 
• Tarquin tried to hide this, but the people rebel against him and his son and kick the whole family out of Rome
• This families terrible made the people of Rome never want another king 
• The rule of one king is then replaced by the rule of two consuls 
• they were elected and stayed in power for one year 
• all of the patricians could trace their lineage back to one pater 
• they dealt with justice, made the laws, and commanded the army 
• then in the 5th century, the patrician's absolute power in the gov was challenged by the Plebs
• Plebs were 98% of the population 
• plebs forced to serve in the military could not hold office, faced debt slavery no legal rights
• victims of discriminatory decisions in justice 
• Rome had no actual "set in stone laws" (soon to come literally true) just customs
•  Patricians like to use these laws and manipulate them to help them 
• plebs refused military service until the twelve tables, or actual law was used
• Tribunes or tribal leaders were elected 
• SPQR - designates any decree made by the Roman people made by the senate and the people 
• Bran new republic part of the monarchy, democracy, and aristocracy.
• Originally  the US government was based on the roman government 
• but not exactly the same 
• both have three branches and legal code
• rome executive 
• two consuls
• one year term
• each veto power
• controlls military 
• could install dictator if necessary for 6 mo period
• US executive 
• President and VP 
• four-year terms
• can veto proposed laws
• commander in chief of the military 
• Roman Legislative 
• 300 strong senate 
• aristocratic members for life 
• assemblies, centurate or tribal
• 193 members later 373 members for life 
• US legislative 
• senate, 100 two from each state six-year terms 
• house of representatives 435 memebers Md had 8 reps 
• Rome Judicial 
• preators 
• chosen by the centuriate assembly 
• US Judicial 
• supreme court 
• nine members 
• lifetime terms 
• appointed by pres, confirmed by senate
• Rome Legal code 
• twelve tables
• publicaly displayed in the forum 
• gave plebs rights
• only protected free roman born men 
• US leagal code
• bill of rights
• first ten amendments to the constitution 

• 1 - free speech/press/religion

• 2 - bear arms 

• 3 - no quartering 

• 4 - no search and seizure 

• 5 - no self-incrimination 

• 6 - right to fair trial 

• 7 - jury trials 

• 8 - no cruel or unusual punishment 

• 9 - right to privacy, +rights are assumed 

• 10 - states have power where fed doesn’t

Ancient Rome first 8 slides

• The first settlers in Rome were the Etruscans 
• they came from the middle of the peninsula
• They were skilled craftsmen 
• Two foundation myths
• Romulus and Remus
• Virgil's Aeneid 
• The greeks also had several colonies around Rome
• the Romans borrowed many things from the greeks such as religion, art, weapons and military, and the alphabet
• but the first settlers in tome were the Latins
• they were descendants of the  Indo-Europeans who settled on the banks of the Tiber river  
• great position for trading, but well defended
• Built on seven hills
• Many streams flowed into the Tiber making the areas between the Capitoline and palatine hills very marshy
• Tarquin the proud's grandfather built the Calaca Maxima which was the greatest ancient drain 
• it channeled all of this swamp water into the Tiber
• Seventh and last king of Rome was Lucius Tarquin Superbus
• Aka Tarquin the proud
• true tyrant in the ancient and modern sense
• 
  

Chi Cago

Overall I found this song entertaining.  It was worth listening to twice!  It was impressive how all of the Latin names were able to work together in therapy.  When it comes time to take the test or quiz I will make sure to get this song stuck in my head.  It is chock full of useful information.  Overall I really enjoyed listening to it.  I am glad that even though we were not in school to hear the rap we were still able to hear it.  I'm glad that the song covered all of the ancient Roman times, and had lots of information is potentially useful information for the upcoming quizzes.  I think this song was on par with Mr. Nickey, Actually, I think that in some aspects it worked better than Mr. Nickey.  It had all of the information needed for this class, and it seemed smoother, to the point that it seems like the song was written to fit those words.

twelve tables

the twelve tables arose out of necessity.  It became necessary for the laws of ancient Rome to be written down due to the fact that the wealthy upper class could change the laws to better suit them at the drop of a hat.  This greatly angered the lower class people because they could not hold office, vote, or have any say in the law of the republic.  After this, they staged a revolt and left the city.  The plebians had no choice, but to share the power with the plebians.  This gave to the rise of the pleb tribunes or common citizens that could sit on the assembly. With this new power, they could intervene legally, and veto other magistrates They then demanded that all laws be written down, or literally set in stone.  This gave rise to the twelve tables of ancient Rome.  They were laws that were posted in the center of the city that covered every aspect of life. They were not a constitution per se, but rather all of the laws of the republic compiled into one spot. Throughout the history of the republic, these laws were changed or added on to.

Architecture

This is a good example of Roman architecture.  The Romans were greatly influenced by Greek architecture because they did a large amount of trading with the greeks.  This is visible in this example through the columns and the impressive engravings spread throughout the work.  Another thing that the Romans were known for.  Also, on top of the columns are statues of what appear to be soldiers.  Overall this is a very impressive piece of architecture, that exemplifies Roman classical architecture.  The main thing that the Romans are known for is the arch, which is perfectly shown here, each of them containing a clear keystone holding them up.